by Peter Du Moulin
in ePub, .mobi & .pdf formats
2038 pages
In a day when many seek refuge in the appearance of tradition without testing the roots of truth, The Novelty of Popery: Opposed to the Antiquity of True Christianity by Peter Du Moulin stands as a prophetic voice from the past—clarifying that the true faith is not found in Rome’s gilded additions but in the ancient simplicity of apostolic doctrine. Originally penned during the height of Reformation polemics, this masterwork boldly confronts the claims of Roman Catholic supremacy and authority, not with fiery rhetoric alone, but with careful biblical and historical argumentation.
Du Moulin's thesis is simple yet devastating: the innovations of the Roman Church—whether in ecclesiastical supremacy, sacramental theology, or liturgical practice—are not the faithful preservation of apostolic tradition, but accretions layered centuries after the fact. He builds his case by thoroughly examining Scripture, the Church Fathers, and the actual testimony of history, showing again and again that Rome’s claims of antiquity are, in truth, modern novelties cloaked in borrowed authority.
From the sufficiency of Scripture and the invisibility of the true Church to the fabricated claims of Petrine primacy and papal infallibility, Du Moulin marshals evidence with clarity and conviction. His work is pastoral as well as polemical: a shepherd's defense of the flock against false shepherds who would bind consciences with man-made traditions. Readers will be especially struck by the warmth of his appeals to the gospel’s freedom and purity, and his clear call to look to Christ as the sole Head of His Church.
This edition, graciously edited and provided to Monergism by Josué Cárdenas, has been carefully modernized for today’s readers. Artificial Intelligence (AI) was employed to correct textual errors and render the 17th-century prose accessible without compromising theological precision. Drawn from its original public domain source at EEBO-TCP, this version makes one of the Reformation’s most important polemical works newly available to the modern Church.
If you desire to understand the theological heart of the Reformation, or if you’ve ever wrestled with the historical claims of Rome, The Novelty of Popery is not only a historical artifact—it is a weapon of light for contending earnestly for the faith once delivered to the saints. And in an age when many mistake age for authority, this work reminds us: "Sola Scriptura, Antiqua et Vera."
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREF. I. TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS
PREF. II. THE CONFESSION OF THREE POPES.
BOOK. I. OF THE ANSWER TO CARDINAL DU PERRON, TREATING OF THE CHURCH, AND OF HER MARKS, OF THE AUTHORITY OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURE, AND OF TRADITIONS.
1. CHAP. 1. Of the nature of the question of the church.
2. CHAP. 2. Of the word Church, and of the several significations thereof.
3. CHAP. 3. That there is a Church of Elect or Predestinate persons.
4. CHAP. 4. Reasons of the Adversaries against the Church of the Elect.
5. CHAP. 5. Reasons of Cardinal du Perron Against the Church of the Elect in the Ninth Chapter of His Book.
6. CHAP. 6. Whether the Societies of Heretics, Schismatics, or Idolatrous Christians Must Be Called Churches. Answer to the Cardinal.
7. CHAP. 7. How This Proposition Must Be Understood: That Out of the Church There Is No Salvation.
8. CHAP. 8. Whether the True Church is Always in Sight? State of the Question.
9. CHAP. 9. That the Church to which we must join, that we may be saved, is not always eminent and exposed to everyone’s sight. Answer to the Cardinal.
10. CHAP. 10. Passages from the Fathers on This Subject.
11. CHAP. 11. Testimonies and Reasons of the Adversaries for the Perpetual Visibility of the Church.
12. CHAP. 12. Answer to that question made to us: Show us where your Church was before Luther, tracing back from Luther to the Apostles?
13. CHAP. 13. Whether the Church can Err?
14. CHAP. 14: That the Roman Church Has Erred and Errs
15. CHAP. 15. On the Antiquity of the Roman Church
16. CHAP. 16. Reasons why Cardinal du Perron, making little account of the first three ages, confines himself to the time of the first four Councils. And that he sets down unjust rules, and such as he himself does not observe.
17. CHAP. 17. Of the Authority of the Church, and Whether It Must Have More Authority with Us Than Holy Scripture. Opinion of the Parties.
18. CHAP. 18. Proofs that the Word of God contained in the holy Scriptures is above the Church, and ought to be of greater authority with us than the Church.
19. CHAP. 19. Reasons of Our Adversaries to the Contrary.
20. CHAP. 20. Examination of the passages from the Ancients which M. du Perron cites for this purpose.
21. CHAP. 21: Of the Authority of the Church to Interpret Scripture Infallibly
22. CHAP. 22. Seven Differences Between Our Interpretations of Scripture and Those of the Roman Church.
23. CHAP. 23. Examination of the Reasons Which Cardinal du Perron Brings in the Fifth Chapter for the Authority of the Church to Interpret Scripture Infallibly
24. CHAP. 24. Of the Authority of the Church to Alter That Which God Commands in Scripture. Confutation of the Cardinal.
25. CHAP. 25. What the Marks of the Church Must Be and Their Nature
26. CHAP. 26. The True Mark to Discern the True Church
27. CHAP. 27. Testimonies of the Fathers. Confutation of the Cardinals’ Answer.
28. CHAP. 28. Reasons of the Cardinal and others to prove that true doctrine and conformity to the word of God are no mark of the true Church.
29. CHAP. 29. That the word “Catholic” cannot be a mark of the true Church
30. CHAP. 30. Of the word Catholic, and in what sense the Church is called Catholic by the Ancients. That Cardinal du Perron has not at all understood what Catholic signifies, nor the sense of Vincentius Lirinensis.
31. CHAP. 31. Of Holiness in Doctrine.
32. CHAP. 32. Of the Succession of Chairs: Whether It Be a Mark of the True Church? And What That Succession Is, of Which the Fathers Speak.
33. CHAP. 33. What the Succession was, and what the calling of those who in our Fathers’ time took in hand the Reformation of Popery.
34. CHAP. 34. That in the time of Jesus Christ and His Apostles, and in the ages following the Apostles, many have preached the Word of God in the Church without succession and without ordinary calling.
35. CHAP. 35. A Difference to Be Observed Between the Office of Pastor of the Church and the Means to Enter into It.
36. CHAP. 36. That the Popes have a false title, and without any Word of God, to the succession of St. Peter in the charge of head of the Universal Church, and that such a charge is not grounded in God’s ordinance.
37. CHAP. 37. Of the Succession of Popes and Cardinals. By what means the Papacy is obtained. Of Schisms: And that the Popes have no lawful succession.
38. CHAP. 38. Of the ways whereby Cardinals and other Prelates come to their Charges.
39. CHAP. 39. Of the Perpetual Duration, Which M. du Perron Calls Indefectibility.
40. CHAP. 40. Of the multitude and great number; and that the multitude is not a mark of the true Church.
41. CHAP. 41. Examination of the proofs which M. du Perron brings to prove that the true Church had always the greatest number.
42. CHAP. 42. Of Miracles.
43. CHAP. 43. Of Union in the Visible Church.
44. CHAP. 44. Whether the Universal Church Must Be Called Roman.
45. CHAP. 45: On Antiquity as a Mark of the True Church
46. CHAP. 46. Of the Fathers and Ancient Doctors, and of Their Authority.
47. CHAP. 47. That our Adversaries condemn the Fathers, and by consequence cannot have them for Judges.
48. CHAP. 48. That the Roman Church Opposes Herself to the Consent of Ancient Doctors
49. CHAP. 49. Doctrines in which the Roman Church rejects every Father in particular.
50. CHAP. 50: How Far the Ancient Church Was from the Belief Now Held in the Roman Church
51. CHAP. 51. Of the pretended power and authority of the Church to add unto Scripture. And of the unwritten Traditions. And why the Pope not only equals them to, but prefers them before the holy Scripture.
52. CHAP. 52. That the Holy Scripture Contains the Whole Doctrine Necessary to Salvation. Examination of the Cardinals’ Answers.
53. CHAP. 53. Testimonies of the Fathers on the Sufficiency of Scripture Against Unwritten Traditions.
54. CHAP. 54. The Cardinals’ reasons for Traditions against the perfection of Scripture. And first, of the Traditions which he calls Mosaical and Patriarchal.
55. CHAP. 55. Texts of the New Testament which Cardinal du Perron brings for traditions not contained in Scripture.
56. CHAP. 56. Doctrines held in the Christian Church, which the Cardinal says are not contained in Scripture.
57. CHAP. 57: Of the Traditions Which the Fathers Allow
58. CHAP. 58: On the Prohibition of Reading Holy Scripture. Shifts of Cardinal du Perron.
59. CHAP. 59. Defense of the Purity and Truth of Scripture Against the Cardinals’ Accusations and Falsifications.
60. CHAP. 60. Of Canonical and Apocryphal Books. Proofs by God’s Word That Tobit, Judith, the Maccabees, etc., Are Not Canonical.
61. CHAP. 61. Untruths and Errors in the Books Called the Apocrypha.
62. CHAP. 64. Belief of the Ancient Greek Church about the Canonical Books.
63. CHAP. 65. Belief of the Fathers of the Latin or Western Church About the Canonical Books—And That the Cardinal Does Not Truly Represent It
64. CHAP. 66: Confutation of the Cardinal’s Shifts
65. CHAP. 67: Of the Opinion of St. Augustine Concerning the Canonical Books, and of the Canon of the Third Council of Carthage, Upon Which the Cardinal Grounds Himself
66. CHAP. 68. Of the Canon of the Holy Scriptures Defined by Pope Innocent I and of the Decretal Epistle of Innocent to Exuperius.
67. CHAP. 69. That the Popes Have Placed Their Canons and Decrees Not Only on the Same Level as Canonical Scriptures but Above Them.
BOOK II. Wherein is TREATED OF St. Peter’s Primacy, And of his Abode at ROME. (Book 2)
68. CHAP. 1. That the Government of the Universal Church cannot and must not be Monarchical.
69. CHAP. 2. That St. Peter Had No Jurisdiction Over the Other Apostles and Was Not Monarch of the Universal Church.
70. CHAP. 3. Testimonies of the Fathers on This Subject
71. CHAP. 4: Examination of Matthew 16:18
72. CHAP. 5. Six reasons of the Cardinal to prove that by this Stone the Person of Peter is understood.
73. CHAP. 6. Other proofs brought by the Cardinal out of Scripture.
74. CHAP. 7: On Cyprian’s Opinion About Peter’s Primacy, and That the Cardinal Has Not Understood It. And How All the Apostles Have Been Heads of the Universal Church.
75. CHAP. 8. Of St. Peter’s Being at Rome: Examination of the Cardinal’s Reasons
76. CHAP. 9. Falsifications of the Cardinal about this matter in his fifty-sixth chapter.
77. ADVERT. Advertisement to the Reader
BOOK III. The FIRST PART OF THE HISTORY OF PAPACY: WHEREIN So much of the History of the Ancient Christian Church is deduced from the beginning until the year 300 of Christ as will prove that then the Bishop of Rome was not acknowledged Head of the Universal Church.
78. CHAP. 1. That in the First Age the Bishop of Rome was not acknowledged Head of the Universal Church.
79. CHAP. 2. That the Bishop of Rome in the Second Age Was Not Acknowledged as Head of the Universal Church. Vindication of Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, Against the False Accusations of Cardinal du Perron.
80. CHAP. 3. That in the third Age the Bishops of Rome were not acknowledged Heads of the Universal Church.
81. CHAP. 4. That the Cardinal would not make use of the authority of the Decretals to prove the Popes’ primacy in the three first Ages. And of the authority of the said Decretals.
82. CHAP. 5. The first reason why M. du Perron refused to use the Decretal Epistles of the Bishops of Rome from the first three centuries: because in many places they contradict the Roman Church of today.
83. CHAP. 6. Other causes why the Cardinal would make no use of the decretals of the first three ages. Of the barbarousness of those decretals, and how Scripture is profaned in them.
84. CHAP. 7. Evident untruths in the Decretals of the three first ages. The gross ignorance in history of him that forged them.
85. CHAP. 8. That Many of Our Adversaries Have Acknowledged the Untruth of These Decretals.
86. CHAP. 9. Of the Popes’ Motives for Causing These False Decretals to Be Forged, and When and by Whom They Were Forged.
BOOK IV. PROVING BY THE HISTORY OF THE BISHOPS OF ROME FROM THE YEAR 300 OF THE LORD, UNTIL TWO YEARS AFTER THE DEATH OF EMPEROR CONSTANTINE, WHICH IS THE YEAR OF THE LORD 340. THAT IN THAT AGE THE BISHOP OF ROME WAS NOT ACKNOWLEDGED AS HEAD OF THE UNIVERSAL CHURCH.
87. CHAP. 1. Of the Idolatry of Marcellinus, Bishop of Rome, and of the Council of Sinuessa.
88. CHAP. 2. Of the Judges Appointed by Constantine to Caecilian and the Donatists. And of the Council of Arles.
89. CHAP. 3. Of the deliverance and establishment of the Church under Constantine.
90. CHAP. 4: Of Arius and Hosius Sent to Alexandria. Of Sylvester and the Roman Council.
91. CHAP. 5. Of the Diversity of the Churches in Observing the Day of Easter.
92. CHAP. 6. Of the Convocation of the Council of Nicaea. Answer to Cardinal du Perron.
93. CHAP. 7. That the Bishop of Rome Did Not Preside in the Council of Nicaea. Confutation of the Cardinal’s Assertion That Hosius Was Legate of the Roman Church in That Council.
94. CHAP. 8. Of the Canon of Nicaea, which sets limits to the Roman bishopric: and of the suburbicary churches. Absurdity of the Cardinal’s interpretation.
95. CHAP. 9. Of the Convocation of the Council of Tyre.
96. CHAP. 10. Death of Sylvester, Bishop of Rome. How little his authority was.
97. CHAP. 11. Baptism and death of Constantine.
98. CHAP. 12. How poor and weak and few are the proofs which Cardinal du Perron brings from the first three Ages, up to the year of Christ 340, to defend the Pope’s primacy.
99. CHAP. 13. Showing how our adversaries, lacking true proofs of the Pope’s primacy in the period following the first three ages, have forged false epistles and fabricated decrees.
100. CHAP. 14. Of Constantine’s Donation and the Untruth of It
101. CHAP. 15. Of the Baptism of Constantine Mentioned in the Same Donation
BOOK V. PROVING BY ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY FROM THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 340 TO THE YEAR 400 THAT THEN FIRST THE BISHOP OF ROME BEGAN TO EXALT HIMSELF BUT FAILED IN HIS ATTEMPT AND WHAT HINDRANCES HE MET WITH.
102. CHAP. 1. Of the persecutions suffered by Athanasius. And how Julius, Bishop of Rome, would make himself judge of his cause. Of the convoking, sitting, and success of the Council of Sardica.
103. CHAP. 2. Three points which the Cardinal finds in this history to establish the Pope’s primacy. And the falsifications which he accumulates in this matter.
104. CHAP. 3. Of the Council of Sardica.
105. CHAP. 4. Of the Convocation of the Council of Sardica. How greatly the Cardinal is mistaken in it.
106. CHAP. 5. Of the Presidency in the Council of Sardica.
107. CHAP. 6. Of Liberius Bishop of Rome, and of the Schism after his death.
108. CHAP. 7. Of the Notable Fathers of That Time: Hosius, Athanasius, Meletius, Gregory Nazianzen.
109. CHAP. 8. Of Damasus, Bishop of Rome, and of Basil, Archbishop of Caesarea. Ignorance of the Cardinal in the Greek Tongue.
110. CHAP. 9. Of Peter Bishop of Alexandria, and of his retreat to Rome, and of Gregory Nazianzen Patriarch of Constantinople.
111. CHAP. 10. Of the Convocation of the First Council of Constantinople, Which Is the Second Universal Council. How the Cardinal Has Falsified the Epistle of the Oriental Bishops to Damasus, Bishop of Rome.
112. CHAP. 11. Of the invitation and request of Damasus, Bishop of Rome, whereby he desired the Bishops assembled in Council at Constantinople to transport themselves to Rome, and come to the Council which Damasus held there; and of the small authority which the Council of Rome had in comparison with that of Constantinople. The Cardinal’s faults.
113. CHAP. 12. Remarkable passages in the Council of Constantinople.
114. CHAP. 13. Of Jerome, and of the title of Pontifex left by the Emperor Gratian.
115. CHAP. 14. Of the abolition of the Penitentiary Priest by Nectarius.
116. CHAP. 15. Of Epiphanius Bishop of Cyprus, and of John Chrysostom.
117. CHAP. 16. Of Ambrose, Bishop of Milan; and that in his time the Church of Milan was not subject to the Church of Rome. The Cardinals’ Foul Dealing in Alleging the Fathers.
118. CHAP. 17. Contention Between Paulinus and Flavianus, Competitors for the Patriarchate of Antioch.
119. CHAP. 18. Observations on the History of the First Four Ages—And How the Cardinal Found Nothing in It for His Purpose.
BOOK VI. PROVING BY PAPAL HISTORY
120. CHAP. 1. An Account of What Befell John Chrysostom, Patriarch of Constantinople
121. CHAP. 2. Of the Power of the Patriarchs in This Fifth Age.
122. CHAP. 3: Of the Milevitan Council, and of the Prohibition There Made to Appeal unto Rome. The Cardinals’ Answers Are Examined.
123. CHAP. 4. Of the Schism That Happened at Rome Between Bonifacius and Eulalius
124. CHAP. 5. Of the Council of Carthage, called the sixth. Of the Appeals from Africa to Rome. The remonstrances of the Bishops of Africa to the Bishop of Rome upon that subject. Confutation of the XL Chapter of the first Book of the Cardinal.
125. CHAP. 6. Examination of the 52nd Chapter of the First Book of Cardinal du Perron, Concerning the Above-Mentioned Epistle of the Sixth Council of Africa, Written by the Fathers of the Council to Celestine, Bishop of Rome, Regarding Appeals from Africa to Rome.
126. CHAP. 7. Notes upon the forty-eighth and forty-ninth Chapters of the first Book of Cardinal du Perron. His ignorance in Greek.
127. CHAP. 8. Of St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo in Africa. Whether he did acknowledge the Bishop of Rome as Head of the Universal Church. And what was in his time the order and dignity of patriarchs and apostolic sees.
128. CHAP. 9. Of the Epistles of the Bishops of Africa (of whom St. Augustine was one) to Innocent, the First Bishop of Rome. And that our Cardinal labors without grounds to draw them to his advantage.
129. CHAP. 10. A Passage Examined from Augustine’s 162nd Epistle
130. CHAP. 11. Of Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople. Of the Convocation of the First Council of Ephesus, Which Was the Third Universal: And That the Emperors by Their Own Authority Convocated the Councils.
131. CHAP. 12. Of the Convocation of the First Council of Ephesus. The Cardinals’ Falsifications.
132. CHAP. 13. That none but the Emperor could or ought to convoke a Universal Council; and that the Bishop of Rome did not meddle with that.
133. CHAP. 14. Of the Patriarchs Present in the First Council of Ephesus; and of the Strife Between Cyril, Patriarch of Alexandria, and John, Patriarch of Antioch.
134. CHAP. 15. Of the order of sitting in the first Council of Ephesus, and in what capacity Cyril presided in it. How M. du Perron corrupts this history.
135. CHAP. 16. Some incidents happened in the first Council of Ephesus, or by occasion of the same, conducing to this question.
136. CHAP. 17. Occasion of the Second Council of Ephesus and by Whom It Was Convened.
137. CHAP. 18. Of the events in the Second Council of Ephesus and who presided in it.
138. CHAP. 19. Of the Appeal of Flavianus and Theodoret, Bishop of Cyr, to Leo, Bishop of Rome. And of Appeals in General. That the Cardinal Did Not Understand the Nature of Those Appeals. Liberatus, a deacon of Carthage, who wrote some six score years after that Council, says that Flavianus, being condemned by the second Council of Ephesus, appealed to Leo, Bishop of Rome. This obliges us to speak of the appeals to the Bishop of Rome and to examine those appeals which Cardinal du Perron produces in the 43rd chapter of the first book.
139. CHAP. 20. Of the excommunication that Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria, fulminated against Leo, bishop of Rome; and other censures pronounced against the bishop of Rome.
140. CHAP. 21. Of the Letters and the Law of Valentinian III—and of Emperor Leo’s Law Contrary to Valentinian’s
141. CHAP. 22. Of the Ordination of the Patriarch of Antioch by that of Constantinople.
142. CHAP. 23. Of the assembling of the Council of Chalcedon, which is the IV. Universal Council.
143. CHAP. 24: Who Presided in the Council of Chalcedon
144. CHAP. 25. Of that which passed in the Council of Chalcedon, and of the canons made in it concerning the order of the patriarchs and ecclesiastical polity.
145. CHAP. 26. On the 28th Canon of the Council of Chalcedon and the Protest Made by the Legates of Leo, Bishop of Rome, Against It: And How They Attempted to Falsify a Canon of the Council of Nicaea
146. CHAP. 27. Answer to the Nullities Which M. du Perron Brings Against This Canon of Chalcedon
147. CHAP. 28. A Confutation of the Exposition Which M. du Perron Gives to the Canon of the Council of Chalcedon.
148. CHAP. 29. Of the Acts of the Council of Chalcedon, and of the Little Credit Which Ought to Be Given to the Tomes of the Councils, Both Greek and Latin.
149. CHAP. 30. Answer to the examples which Cardinal du Perron brings in Chapter 34 to prove that, notwithstanding this Canon of Chalcedon, the Bishops of Constantinople have been subject to the Bishop of Rome.
150. CHAP. 31. A summary Answer to the examples posterior to the IV. Universal Council, brought by the Cardinal in his thirty-fourth Chapter.
151. CHAP. 32. A multitude of falsifications by Cardinal du Perron.
BOOK VII. WHEREIN DIVERS CONTROVERSIES ARE EXAMINED, HANDLED BY CARDINAL DU PERRON IN HIS SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH, AND FIFTH BOOKS. (Book 7)
152. CHAP. 1. State and Distribution of the Question.
153. CHAP. 2. That the glorified Saints know not all that is done on earth and know not the hearts and thoughts of men.
154. CHAP. 3. The Opinion of the Fathers on This Point
155. CHAP. 4. Examination of the Texts and Reasons Which the Cardinal Brings to Prove That the Saints Know All Things, See Our Thoughts, and Hear Our Prayers. His Dishonest Dealing Is Exposed.
156. CHAP. 5. What assurance the Roman Church has that the saints whom they invoke are true saints?
157. CHAP. 6. Whether Saints and Angels Ought to Be Worshipped?
158. CHAP. 7. What was the opinion of the Fathers of the first three ages, and until the middle of the fourth, about the invocation of saints and angels?
159. CHAP. 8. A Vindication of Origen on the Point of the Invocation of One Only God, Against the Accusations of Cardinal du Perron.
160. CHAP. 9. A Passage from Origen’s Eighth Book Against Celsus Falsified by Cardinal du Perron
161. CHAP. 10. Reasons Why Jerome Said That the Fathers Writing Against the Pagans Often Wrote Against Their Own Sense
162. CHAP. 11. Of the Opinion of Those Who Do Not Condemn Invocation of Saints but Deem It Unnecessary
163. CHAP. 12. The Opinion of the Fathers on the Invocation of Saints, from A.D. 365 to the Fourth Council.
164. CHAP. 13. What honor is due to Angels and deceased Saints, and of the worship of dulia and latria.
165. CHAP. 14. Of the Legends of Saints.
166. CHAP. 15. Of the Psalter Attributed to Saint Bonaventure.
BOOK VIII. Second Controversy, OF THE SEVENTH BOOK. OF IMAGES.
167. CHAP. 1. Of God’s Images.
168. CHAP. 2. Of the Images of Saints.
169. CHAP. 3. Reasons of the Adversaries for the Adoration of Images
170. CHAP. 4: The excuses and reasons our adversaries use to defend their images are the same as those once used by pagans against early Christians.
171. CHAP. 5. When the Images of Saints Were First Brought into the Latin or Western Church, and the Progress of That Abuse.
172. CHAP. 6: Of the Origin and Progress of Images in the Greek and Oriental Churches
BOOK. IX. Third Controversy, OF THE SEVENTH BOOK.
173. CHAP. 1. Of Prayer for the Dead, and of Purgatory. What Scripture Says of It. And of the Purgatory of the Primitive Church.
174. CHAP. 2. Of Indulgences given unto the dead, and generally of Indulgences.
BOOK X. Fourth Controversy, OF THE SEVENTH BOOK. OF THE Celibacy of Clerks & Monks.
175. CHAP. 1. A comparison of continent Virginity with Matrimony. That many Prophets and Apostles were married. That the high Priests under the Law were married. Examination of the Cardinals’ shifts.
176. CHAP. 2. That the Apostle Paul (1 Corinthians 7) Obliges Incontinent Clergy to Marry. Refutation of the Cardinals’ Reasons.
177. CHAP. 3. Another text of the Apostle Paul, 1 Tim. 4, against the prohibition of marrying. Examination of the Cardinals’ answers.
178. CHAP. 4. Another text of the same Epistle, chapter 3.
179. CHAP. 5. Vindication of the assertion of his Majesty of Great Britain, that the Canonists teach that fornication is more tolerable in the Ministers of the Church than lawful Matrimony.
180. CHAP. 6. Answer to the reasons and testimonies which the Cardinal brings against the marriage of clerics.
181. CHAP. 7. What was the belief of the ancient Church about the marriage of the ministers of the Church? The reasons and allegations of Cardinal du Perron are examined, and some of his falsifications observed.
182. CHAP. 8. Examples of Clerks Married, Both Ancient and Modern.
183. CHAP. 9. Confession of the Adversaries.
184. CHAP. 10. Of the Disorders Caused by Celibacy: Also of the Carthusians, and of St. Francis and His Rule.
185. CHAP. 11. Of Affected Austerity. Reasons whereby the Cardinal Maintains Professed Slovenliness. The Origin of Monks.
BOOK. XI. Fifth Controversy, OF THE SEVENTH BOOK. OF FASTING.
186. CHAP. 1. That in the Question of Fasting, and of Lent, M. du Perron Does Not Address the State of the Question, but Discusses Things Not in Dispute
187. CHAP. 2. That as sobriety and fasting are recommended in the word of God, so distinction of meats is condemned by the same.
188. CHAP. 3. Of the Custom of the Ancient Church Concerning Distinction of Meats.
189. CHAP. 4. Of ordinary fasts upon weekdays practiced in the ancient Church, and of Saturday fast.
190. CHAP. 5. Of the Fasts of Saturday and the Lord’s Day.
191. CHAP. 6. Examination of the proofs whereby Cardinal du Perron goes about to prove that Lent is of divine institution.
192. CHAP. 7. That Cardinal du Perron was ignorant of the origin of Lent, and in what sense that word was taken in the ancient Church. Diversity of ancient customs in this matter.
193. CHAP. 8. How the Discipline of Fasting in the Roman Church Is Full of Absurdity and Abuse
BOOK. XII. Sixth Controversy, OF THE SEVENTH BOOK. OF Auricular Confession, and Of the Secrets of Confession.
194. CHAP. 1. Four Sorts of Confession in Our Churches. Answer to the Cardinal.
195. CHAP. 2. That the testimonies of the Fathers which Cardinal du Perron objects to us, to establish auricular confession, are to no purpose. Some falsifications observed.
196. CHAP. 3. Of the Penitentiary Priest abolished by Nectarius. How Cardinal du Perron alters and corrupts that history. How he disguises and conceals the Doctrine of Chrysostom about Confession.
197. CHAP. 4. Why Cardinal du Perron contradicts the Councils of Trent and Florence, making Confession not to be part of the Sacrament of Penitence. That Penitence cannot be called a Sacrament.
198. CHAP. 5: What We Find Amiss in the Auricular Confession of the Roman Church
199. CHAP. 6. Examination of the sixth and seventh Chapters of the second Observation, wherein Cardinal du Perron treats of the secret of Confession and of the danger thereby created unto the life of Kings.
BOOK. XIII. Seventh Controversy: Of the Seventh Book. Of the Authority and Power of the Pastors of the Church to Pardon Sins. And of Sacramental Absolution.
200. CHAP. 1. How negligently M. du Perron treats sacramental absolution. A summary answer to his arguments on that subject. Many falsifications are noted.
201. CHAP. 2. What is that pardon of sin which the Pastors of the Church grant, and how far their power to forgive sin extends. And of the power of the Keys.
202. CHAP. 3 That the pastors of the Church cannot blot out sins before God; that they cannot, by pardoning sins, exempt sinners from God’s judgment; that forgiveness belongs to God alone as the sole judge of souls and consciences; and that the absolution of the priests of the Roman Church is void and without power.
203. CHAP. 4. Proof of Our Doctrine by the Ancient Fathers; And Even by the Roman Church.
204. CHAP. 5. Of the Abuse of the Keys, and of Absolution, both that which is called Sacramental, and that which is given without the Sacrament.
BOOK. XIV. Eighth Controversy, OF THE SEVENTH BOOK. OF Penitential Satisfaction. Where also it is spoken of Satisfactions in general.
205. CHAP. 1. The Doctrine of the Roman Church, about Penitential Satisfaction.
206. CHAP. 2. Of the Word Satisfaction. State of the Question.
207. CHAP. 4. Where this Maxim of the Roman Church is examined: that God, having forgiven the whole fault, does not always forgive the whole punishment.
208. CHAP. 5. Proofs of Our Adversaries, Whereby They Pretend to Prove That God, After All the Fault Is Forgiven, Inflicts the Satisfactory Punishment.
209. CHAP. 6. That the Satisfactions of the Roman Church Derogate from Christ’s Satisfaction and Are Injurious to God’s Justice.
210. CHAP. 7. Causes Why We Especially Reject the Satisfactions of the Pretended Sacrament of Penance
211. CHAP. 8. Reasons of the Adversaries for Human Satisfactions. Of the Application of the Merit of Christ. And of Human Merits.
212. CHAP. 9. That None Can Satisfy God’s Justice for Another.
213. CHAP. 10. Answer to the Invectives of Our Adversaries on This Matter. And of Their Reproach to This Author, That He Is a Friar’s Son.
214. CHAP. 11. What tyranny the Popes have exercised over England for some ages under the pretense of absolution and satisfaction. And from what horrible bondage England was delivered by the light of the Gospel.
215. CHAP. 12. In what sense the word Penitence is taken in Scripture and in the Fathers.
216. CHAP. 13. In what sense the words Penitence and Satisfaction are taken in the writings of the Fathers, and that the Penitence of the ancient Church is much different from the penitences of the Roman Church.
BOOK. XV. Ninth Controversy, OF THE SEVENTH BOOK. Of the NECESSITY OF BAPTISM.
217. CHAP. 1. Cardinal du Perron’s reason for the absolute necessity of Baptism. Examination of the doctrine of the Church of Rome upon that point. How they abuse this text, John 3:5: “Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God.”
218. CHAP. 2. Sense of the previously cited text, John 3:5. How unworthily and unjustly Cardinal du Perron treats Calvin. A notable ignorance of the Cardinal.
219. CHAP. 3. How Contemptible Baptism Is in the Roman Church, and Miserably Disgraced
220. CHAP. 4. The doctrine of our Churches about the virtue and efficacy of Baptism.
221. CHAP. 5. How the Romanists, After Debasing Baptism, Exalt It with Improper Praises.
BOOK. XVI. Tenth Controversy, OF THE SEVENTH BOOK. Of the SACRIFICE Of the EUCHARIST.
222. CHAP. 1. State of the Question. How M. du Perron does not address it but wanders in useless discourses.
223. CHAP. 2. That the Sacrifice of the Mass Was Not Instituted by Christ. And of the Fruit and Efficacy of the Sacrifice of the Mass.
224. CHAP. 3. Examination of the Cardinal’s reasons to prove that the Fathers call the Eucharist a sacrifice in a proper, not in a metaphorical sense.
225. CHAP. 4. That the Fathers Call the Lord’s Supper a Sacrifice Because It Is the Commemoration of the Sacrifice of Christ’s Death.
226. CHAP. 5. Examination of the Cardinal's Shifts. The Cardinal in ch. 2
227. CHAP. 6. Other reasons for which the Fathers called the Lord’s Supper a Sacrifice.
BOOK XVII. Eleventh Controversy, OF THE SEVENTH BOOK.
228. CHAP. 1. Of the First Institution of the Holy Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper.
229. CHAP. 2: That the Doctrine of the Real Presence and of Transubstantiation Is Repugnant to Christ’s Institution. The Cardinals’ Reasons Are Examined.
230. CHAP. 3. Of the sense of John 6, and of the Spiritual manducation of the body of Christ, and how many absurdities and inconveniences follow the oral manducation of Christ's flesh taught in the Roman Church.
231. CHAP. 4. How and in What Sense the Fathers Cited by the Cardinal Call the Sacrament the Body of Christ and Say That Christ’s Body Is Made in the Eucharist, and That We Eat His Flesh in It. Answer to the Cardinal’s Distortions.
232. CHAP. 5. That the Fathers did not believe in transubstantiation, but believed that the substance of bread and wine remains after the consecration.
233. CHAP. 6. What is the signification of the word Sacrament, and in what sense the Fathers call the Eucharist the body of Christ.
234. CHAP. 7. That the Fathers not only call what we receive in the Eucharist a sign, figure, symbol, type, antitype, and commemoration but also teach that the words of the Lord are sacramental—that is, that in these words, the name of the thing signified is given to the sign.
235. CHAP. 8. Some passages from Augustine wherein he teaches that Christ’s words, This is my body, and Unless you eat my flesh, etc., are figurative. The Cardinals’ answers are examined.
236. CHAP. 9. Examination of Cardinal du Perron’s Answer, Whereby He Endeavors to Give Reasons Why the Fathers Call the Bread and Wine of the Lord’s Supper Signs, Figures, Types, and Symbols of the Body and Blood of Christ, Even After the Consecration
237. CHAP. 10. Some passages of the Councils upon this subject. The Councils speak the same language as we heard the Fathers speak.
238. CHAP. 11. That the Fathers Did Not Believe in Accidents Without a Subject in the Eucharist.
239. CHAP. 12. That the Fathers not only speak of a spiritual eating which is not done with the mouth, but also understand Christ’s words, John 6, of a spiritual eating.
240. CHAP. 13. That the Fathers Believed Not That the Wicked, Unbelievers, or Hypocrites Could Eat the Lord’s Body.
241. CHAP. 14. Confutation of Two Shifts Which the Cardinal Uses Upon All Occasions.
242. CHAP. 15. Showing how the Fathers say that the Fathers of the Old Testament ate the same meat which we eat in the Eucharist.
243. CHAP. 16. That the Fathers Believed Not That the Body of Christ Is Really Present Under the Element of Bread, but That He Is in Heaven Only, Not on Earth
244. CHAP. 17. That the Fathers Acknowledge the Same Participation of the Body and Blood of the Lord in Baptism and in the Preaching of the Word as in the Lord’s Supper.
245. CHAP. 18. How the Christian Church of the First Ages Celebrated the Lord’s Supper. How Ancient Customs Clearly Show They Did Not Believe in the Real Presence or Transubstantiation.
246. CHAP. 19. Proofs of the Customs Described in the Previous Chapter
247. CHAP. 20. Of the Adoration of the Sacrament: Weakness of the Cardinals’ Proofs; How He Falsifies Scripture. Examination of His Allegations.
248. CHAP. 21. That in the first ages of the Christian Church the Sacrament was not worshipped. The Cardinal’s allegations and proofs are examined.
249. CHAP. 22. The Cardinal’s allegations out of the Fathers are examined, beginning at his allegations out of the Catecheses of Gregory of Nyssa.
250. CHAP. 23. Answer to the Other Allegations of the Same Chapter.
251. CHAP. 24. Answer to the authorities and reasons brought by Cardinal du Perron in the 14th, 15th, and 16th chapters.
252. CHAP. 25. How the Cardinal Sends the Reader to a Larger Book of His on the Eucharist; That the Beginning of That Book Shows What One Should Think of the Rest.
BOOK. XVIII. Twelfth Controversy, Of the Seventh Book: Of the Communion under One Kind. And of the Power Which Cardinal du Perron Ascribes unto the Church (That Is, to the Pope) to Dispense from the Commandment of Christ.
253. CHAP. I. The last question which Cardinal du Perron treats in his book against the King of Great Britain is the question about the interdiction of the chalice.
BOOK. XIX. Thirteenth Controversy: OF THE SEVENTH BOOK OF Private Masses.
254. CHAP. 1. Of Private Masses; and the shameful Traffick of the same.
255. CHAP. 2. That Masses without communicants and assistants, said to the intention of a private man that pays for them, are repugnant unto the Word of God.
256. CHAP. 3. That the Ancient Church Did Not Know Private or Particular Masses and Did Not Celebrate the Holy Sacrament Without Communicants and Assistants for the Intention of a Particular Person
BOOK. XX. Fourteenth Controversy, OF THE SEVENTH BOOK. THE ANTIBARBAROUS, OR, Of Unknown Language, both in the Prayers of Private Persons and in the Public Service. Where also the Principal Clauses of the Mass are Represented, which Might Offend the People if They Understood Them.
257. PREF. To my dear Nephew Monsieur Bochart, Pastor of the Church of Laon.
258. CHAP. 1. That False Religions Love Obscurity; but True Religion Brings Her Doctrine to Light and Keeps Nothing Hidden
259. CHAP. 2. Two Differences Between Us and the Roman Church About Unknown Language.
260. CHAP. 3. Of Prayers of Individuals in a Tongue Unknown to Those Who Pray.
261. CHAP. 4. That in the Ancient Church Everyone Prayed in His Own Tongue.
262. CHAP. 5. That the Public Service in a Language not Understood is Contrary to the Word of God and to Reason.
263. CHAP. 6. The same is proved by the example of the Church of the Old Testament.
264. CHAP. 7. That the Ancient Christian Church Throughout the World Used an Intelligible Tongue in Public Worship
265. CHAP. 8. Two Reasons Why the Pope and His Clergy Maintain the Celebration of the Mass and Ordinary Service in Latin.
266. CHAP. 9. A third reason why they will not have the Mass understood by the people. Some clauses of the Mass that would offend the people if they were understood.
267. CHAP. 10. Examination of the Reasons of Our Adversaries, Especially Cardinal Du Perron.
268. CHAP. 11. Examination of the proofs that the Cardinal brings from antiquity for worship in a foreign tongue.
269. CHAP. 12. How Latin Was Introduced into Divine Service in France and Spain
270. CHAP. 13. Of England and Germany, and how the Roman Service and the Latin tongue were received in those countries.
271. CHAP. 14. Of Africa, and how the Service in the Latin Tongue came to it.
272. CHAP. 15. The Author’s Thanksgiving to God for the Finishing of This Work.